The difference between broad and narrow is a continuum, but the difference between phonemic and phonetic transcription is usually treated as a binary distinction. Broad transcription indicates only the most noticeable phonetic features of an utterance, whereas narrow transcription encodes more information about the phonetic details of the allophones in the utterance. In all systems of transcription there is a distinction between broad transcription and narrow transcription. Phonetic transcription may be used to transcribe the phones of a language. Narrow versus broad phonemic versus phonetic It follows that a transcription devised for one individual language or group of languages is not a phonetic transcription but an orthography. Phonetic transcription allows one to step outside orthography, examine differences in pronunciation between dialects within a given language and identify changes in pronunciation that may take place over time.Ī basic principle of phonetic transcription is that it should be applicable to all languages, and its symbols should denote the same phonetic properties whatever the language being transcribed.

Other languages, such as Spanish and Italian have a more consistent (but still imperfect) relationship between orthography and pronunciation, while a few languages may claim to have a fully phonemic spelling system (a phonemic orthography).įor most languages, phonetic transcription makes it possible to show pronunciation with something much nearer to a one-to-one relationship between sound and symbol than is possible with the language's orthography. For example, the words bough, chough, cough, though and through do not rhyme in English even though their spellings might suggest otherwise. Standard orthography in some languages, such as English and Tibetan, is often irregular and makes it difficult to predict pronunciation from spelling. Pronunciation can also vary greatly among dialects of a language. Words borrowed from other languages may retain the spelling from the original language, which may have a different system of correspondences between written symbols and speech sounds. However, their written forms ( orthography) are often not modified to take account of such changes, and do not accurately represent the pronunciation. The pronunciation of words in all languages changes over time. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Phonetic transcription (also known as phonetic script or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones) by means of symbols. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

Phonetic transcriptions to english